What is Propolis? Benefits, Uses & Nutrition of Bee Glue

Propolis, also known as “bee glue”, is a sticky, resin-like substance made by honeybees from tree buds, sap, and plant resins. Think of it as the bees’ natural construction material—like caulk or sealant—used to fill cracks, reinforce the hive, and keep out intruders.

But propolis is far more than a building material. It acts as a powerful antimicrobial shield, protecting the hive against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. For centuries, humans have valued propolis for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it one of the most beneficial bee products besides honey and royal jelly.

How Do Bees Make Propolis?

Worker bees collect sticky resins from trees such as poplar, birch, and conifers. Using their mandibles, they scrape the resin, mix it with beeswax and enzymes, and carry it in their pollen baskets back to the hive.

Inside, other bees process the resin and apply it to seal gaps, sterilize hive walls, and protect the colony. This labor-intensive process ensures the hive stays disease-free, structurally sound, and safe from external threats.

Chemical Composition of Propolis

The exact composition of propolis depends on the plants available in the bees’ environment. On average, it contains:

• Resins & Balsams (50–60%) – Adhesive, protective base

• Beeswax (30–40%) – Adds structure & stability

• Essential Oils (5–10%) – Antimicrobial & aromatic properties

• Pollen (5%) – Nutrients and enzymes

• Polyphenols & Flavonoids – Antioxidants that boost immunity

• Amino Acids, Vitamins, Minerals – Includes magnesium, calcium, zinc, and B-vitamins

Nutritional Value of Propolis

Even in small amounts, propolis provides valuable micronutrients:

• Vitamins: B1, B2, B6, C, E

• Minerals: Iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium

• Bioactive compounds: Flavonoids & phenolic acids

These nutrients contribute to immune support, wound healing, and overall wellness.

Why Do Bees Create Propolis?

For bees, propolis is essential to survival. Its functions include:

• Structural Integrity – Seals cracks and strengthens the hive

• Antimicrobial Protection – Prevents bacterial, viral, and fungal infections

• Colony Health – Encases dead intruders to prevent decay inside the hive

Propolis Benefits & Applications

1. Medicinal Uses

• Wound Healing – Natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory action

• Oral Health – Used in toothpaste & mouthwash to prevent cavities and gum disease

• Cold & Flu Relief – Propolis sprays and lozenges soothe sore throats and boost immunity

2. Skincare & Cosmetics

• Acne Treatment – Fights acne-causing bacteria

• Anti-Aging – Antioxidants protect against skin damage and support elasticity

3. Food & Beverage Industry

• Natural Preservative – Prevents microbial growth and spoilage

• Dietary Supplements – Available in tinctures, capsules, and powders for immune support

4. Veterinary & Agricultural Uses

• Animal Health – Natural antibiotic alternative in livestock care

• Organic Farming – Eco-friendly antifungal and antibacterial option for crops

Conclusion

Propolis is nature’s antimicrobial superglue—protecting bees in their hives and offering humans countless health benefits. From wound healing and oral care to skincare and agriculture, its uses are diverse and powerful.

Next time you think of bees, remember: they don’t just make honey; they also produce propolis—an ancient remedy and modern wellness ally.